Human senses

  The brain uses sense organs to reach out to its environment by which it responds to different stimuli such as light, sound waves, and pressure. This information is then transmitted electrically to different specialized areas of the cerebral cortex where all is processed into senses of hearing, vision, taste, touch, and smell.

  Sensory Neurons react to data from certain sense organs. Visual cortical neurons are highly sensitive to information from the eyes through the optic nerves.  Visuals neurons have been found to be more sensitive and react more strongly towards weak light signals coming from the optic nerve. 

  In most people who are blind or deaf, some some neurons that are usually to do with sight(this is in blindness) are taken over by hearing. Thus making people who cant see hear better and those who cannot hear see better. The primary visual cortex(center) is located in the back of the brain in the occipital lobe. The primary hearing cortex is found in the temporal lobes or the sides of your heads near the ears.

  In Synesthesia, most people are aware of only aware of one sensation in response to to one type of stimuli. For ex. Sound waves make noise but some claim to experience more than one sensation, and they can see sound as well as hear it. They can taste images as well as see them. This is when the neural pathway from a sense organ diverges and carries data from one type of stimuli to a part of the brain where it processes it as another. 

Brain Stem and the Cerebellum

  The brain stem isn't just a part that leads to the brain with  messages but sends messages too. The brain stem includes most of the brain but the cerebrum and diencephalon. Its upper most region is in the mid brain. Just bellow the mid brain is the hind brain. Its front is a large bulge called the pons. Bellow is the medulla.   

  Its functions are involved in activities like automatic movements such as how your eyes which suddenly move to look at an object as it passes by. The medulla keeps together, many nuclei which control respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor(blood pressure) as well as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting. 

  The "little brain" is the bottom and rearmost area of the brain. It, just like the cerebrum has a wrinkled surface but its bulged and other areas contain more regular patterns.  In its anatomy includes the long slim vermis which runs down the middle separating 2 lobes both on the right and left. 

  The cerebellum is involved in movement coordination as well as balance. For example your cerebrum might say move your  right hand forward, and your cerebellum will move your left leg to keep you from falling.
   

Credits to the Human Brain, by Rita Carter.  

Brain Anatomy

The brain has a complicated anatomy. If you remove both left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain, it exposes many other structures. Some of them have mass and are bigger like the thalamus and some are just a few nerve fibers inside of the larger structures and are only appealing to microscopes. 

The brain anatomy

The brain's parts can be sorted in a few ways and in all of these systems, the cerebral cortex(wrinkled layer) is the dominant structure. The cerebrum is divided into 2 halves, the right and left hemispheres which are linked by nerve fibers. In between the brain contains the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the amyglada, all known as the diencephalon(in between brain). To the naked eye, most of the brain shows as "islands" of gray matter located inside the nerve fiber's white matter. 


Thalamus:A major processing area for inputs to the cerebral cortex.
Amyglada: Part of the limbic system involved in learning and emotions.
Hippocampus: Another part of the limbic system which is deeply involved with short-term memory.

credits: The human Brain by Rita Carter 

Nervous System

 The nervous system is the body's main communication and control system. Nerves lead from each of your sensory organs to the brain in a whole process of chemical and electrical impulses. The nervous system contains the peripheral nervous system (PNS)and the central nervous system(CNS).

Nervous System
The CNS is made of the brain and the spinal chord which are protected by the skull and the spine. The PNS is rather complicated because it is all the nerves. 12 pairs of cranial nerves(nerves extending from brain) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves(nerves from the spinal chord) are contained in the PNS. Both the CNS and PNS work together for sense where nerves pick up messages and senses and send them up the spinal chord(nerve impulses) and to the brain. They both control the skeletal or movement system as well as a series or actions you are unconscious of sometimes in the autonomic system.

Nerves
Nerves communicate using a synapses where chemical and or electrical signal are sent up from neuron to neuron. The spinal chord is made of nerve fibers and is barely the width of a pencil. Some nerves include the optic nerve (visual information, cranial) tibial nerve (nerve in your shin, spinal) Olfactory nerve (smell information, cranial) and many more. The longest cranial nerve is the Vagus nerve which stretches out from the brain stem to the involuntary organs (heart, lungs, etc.).

With different parts and functions the nervous system is a vast network in our body with 86 nerves,  43 on each side of the body. Without this vast network we can not move, sense, and live.

Antelopes

Antelopes are hoofed animals more like deer with hollow horns. There are many different animals with their different sizes and coats. Antelopes can be as small as rabbit like the royal antelope to ox sized elands. They live in grasslands, brush areas, and forests in much of Africa and some of Asia. Some antelopes include gazelle, impala, springbok, pronghorn, black-buck and others. They are hunted by big cats, hunting dogs such as hyenas and African hunting dogs as well as humans.

The antelopes' main defenses are camouflage and speed as antelopes can jump as well as run. They have large ears and are extremely keen in hearing out their predators. Antelope males all have antlers that could range from tiny studs of the dik-dik to 63 inch long horns of the greater kudu. 2/3 female antelopes bear horns. They eat vegetation such as grass which as ruminants, antelopes first swallow their food without chewing it and then they regurgitate a cud. Then they chew it thoroughly and swallow it. 

The Brain and the nervous system

The brain is a diverse topic with limited knowledge. Anatomy, Physiology, Neurology, Psychology, and many other fields are included in this study. From the information that scientists know, here are some of the basics about understanding the nervous system and the main brain body.

Our nervous system is an important part of our lives. In fact, without it, we wouldn't be able to do anything! It is responsible for everything you do, think, or feel. This is what controls your voluntary/involuntary movements, and what gives you the raw information of your senses and what your environment/surroundings are.The nervous system is divided into 2 parts 

1. Central nervous system- abbreviated as the CNS, is composed of brain's main body and the spinal cord.
2. Peripheral nervous system- abbreviated as PNS, is all the nerves branching from the CNS.  Cranial nerves branch from the brain while spinal nerves are found extending from the spinal cord.

The two systems combined will control many other systems such as the system for movement (somatic nervous system and skeletal system) (for more info on these, click here)(This is just a very brief view of the Nervous system. For a better explanation, click here)
 

The brain isn't what many think it is. Many simply perceive it as an organ in your head that has a wrinkly texture through its entire body which helps you think and generate ideas. Well, they are right to some extent...

The brain is divided into 4 parts. Diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and Cerebrum and often, many areas of the brain will control one specific function, every area has its own task for that function and some areas have more a major part for that function that others. 

The Brain stem is the small "stem" like structure that extends from your brain to the spinal cord. It may just look like a connection but it is responsible for many action too. It controls your involuntary actions such as heart beating and breathing by the means of many connections through spinal nerves which branch out to the area of your major organs. 

The diencephalon means between brain and as its name explains, it sits right in the middle of both left and right hemispheres of the brain. It contains a very important system in your body known as the limbic system (for more info about the limbic system, click here) which is your learning, emotions, and cognitive skills. 

The Cerebellum coordinates with movement with counter balancing moves to so you don't lose your balance while moving. It is also believes that the cerebellum controls some of your language and attention skills as well as your reactions to fear and pleasure. 
 

The crunched paper shaped texture part of the brain is known as the cerebrum. It is divided into 4 regions: Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe and Temporal lobe.

The frontal lobe of your brain controls your speech and social skills, main motor (movement) center. Your parietal lobe brings sensory information together and processes that information. Your occipital lobe controls your primary visual cortex (center) but is located on the back of the brain. And the temporal lobe contains your memory and cognition skills such as remembering faces and language skills as well as the sense of hearing.

Battle of Yorktown

Thus the last battle in the American Revolution and an amazing battle strategy planted to destroy the British. Yorktown is my favorite siege. The battle took place on Octer 19th 1781.

Washington was in New York. The British were slowly tracking him and attacks became more frequent. Until he heard that General Cornwallis was in Yorktown Virginia. If he could defeat Cornwallis this means he wins the war. Most of the troops are with him and the British would forcefully surrender.

The Americans knowing the French were on their side and knew they had a good navy decided that they would attack the British soldiers coming on ship to Yorktown. If the French don't reach there on time, the British would get the supplies and men to Cornwallis and he would be unbeatable. The Americans and the French armies would corner him at the bay. If Cornwallis tries to leave by boat, the french Navy should be able to bombard them. But...what if the French arrive too late.

The answer is. They weren't. Clinton's army were bombarded and they retreated. The French continued their voyage to the York river where it is written Ocean Battle on my fail picture. The Americans attacked at early morning. The British didn't know what in the world was happening. But soon. The Americans and French captured Yorktown and the battle was over.

America gained independence. The treaty of Paris was in 1783. The war was over.
What I want you to think:

Think about all those soldiers who died in believing.
Think of how many didn't see their families ever again.
Think of what would happen if the French were too late.